[ an aside .... academic publishing is undergoing significant changes these days, and there are other models that may eventually replace the current peer-review system.  But all that is discussion for some future blog post! ]

1. Responsibility.   If you publish papers, it is your responsibility to review papers.  A constructive and high quality review improves your own work and you owe it to other authors to provide the same (or better!) service.

2. Learning.  You can learn a lot from reviewing papers, including new techniques and methods (e.g., analytical, field and laboratory methods). Reviewing papers keeps you up-to-date on the literature within your discipline.  I find it exceedingly difficult to keep on top of current literature, in part because of the proliferation of journals in recent years, and because life is busy. Reviewing papers in your discipline helps you understand what other scientists are reading and citing, and can often point you to literature you would have otherwise missed.  Reviewing papers can also show you what NOT to do with your own research!   I am often amazing and sometimes stunned at mistakes uncovered when reviewing papers, and this in turn allows for a more critical approach with the research coming from my own laboratory.

3. Benchmarking. Reviewing papers allows you to stay on top of current theories, hypotheses, and controversies within your discipline, which allows you to embrace a stronger conceptual framework for your own research.  This allows for a very current and often insightful benchmark for your own research.

4. Personalities.  Reviewing provides you with a nice window into the ‘personality’ of science and the ‘personalities’ in science.  It allows you to interact with editorial boards, and allows you to read what people in your discipline say to editors (i.e., in their cover letters), and can provide you important insights about the personalities of leading researchers in your field.  In the competitive and often political world of scientific publishing, such insights can be useful as you maneuver through the peer-review process and work on your own manuscripts.

5. Validation.  Being asked to review a paper means that someone out there values you and your work.  ‘They’ have decided that you are one of a select few researchers who has the skill set needed to evaluate a piece of primary research. Feeling valued comes far too infrequently yet is important for morale and overall well-being (read: take it when you can get it).

6. Scientific karma.  What goes around comes around.  Cliché, perhaps, but I believe firmly that you can do yourself a lot of good by reviewing papers.  It can be a small world, and important personalities in science will remember you if you do a high quality review.  Continually refusing to do reviews will also put you in a negative spotlight, and people will also remember this.   Being collegial, and being willing to share your expertise, is a responsibility, and in many ways, a gift.  Good things will happen if you help out your scientific community. As an anecdote, when I was gearing up for tenure at McGill, I provided a review for the journal Ecography.  My review was selected as being high quality, and valuable, and the editorial board of that journal sent me a mug, and a nice letter of thanks (yes, a REAL letter!).  I put a copy of that letter into my tenure dossier to illustrate that the broader scientific community recognizes the value of this kind of contribution.  I do not know if that letter made any real difference in the tenure process at my institution, but I’m quite sure that it didn’t hurt.

The journal Ecography

To finish with a couple of practical questions:

How much reviewing should you do?  This is a tricky question.  When starting out your career, I think reviewing at least as much as you publish is a good idea.  Later, and as your skills at reviewing become more efficient, I think it possible to review perhaps one paper per month.  That being said, when a review request comes along that is precisely in your area of expertise, do not refuse!

Is it OK to say no? If you are under tight time constraints, if the area of research is beyond your expertise, or if you have a clear conflict of interest that will interfere with your ability to provide an unbiased review, you can and certainly should refuse a invitation to review.  However, please do the editor(s) a favour and suggest other potential reviewers that you think would be qualified.

How do you go about reviewing a paper in a timely and efficient manner? That is discussion for a future blog post!

Now, go check that e-mail… you may have a review request waiting.

       There are a lot of misconceptions about spiders. The most common is the idea that spiders frequently bite people – they do not. Most so-called spider bites are caused by something else. Spiders generally have no interest in biting us, and would rather feed upon invertebrates. I have been working with spiders for over 15 years, and I have handled many, many kinds of live spiders and I have never been attacked by a spider.

It is really quite astounding – almost anyone you talk to seem to know someone who has been bitten by a spider and/or they themselves have a personal story about a spider that bit them.    These stories often include anecdotes like “it really, really hurt“, “the wound swelled up and festered“, “I was bitten over and over again in the middle of the night“, “the spider ran right at me and bit me” etc.   Related directly to this are the numerous questions I get about the brown recluse spider, and its occurrence in Quebec.   If I believed everything that people told me, I would NOT be an Arachnologist, and I would fear for my life – Venomous spiders everywhere!!!

Female wolf spider (Lycosidae) on my hand. She is carrying an egg sac.

Time for a reality check – Spider bites are very, very rare and other more likely causal factors should be given priority.  Let me go into detail:

1) Misdiagnosis:  other animals are more likely to be the cause of so-called “spider bites”.  The usual and more likely suspects include things like wasps, ants, bedbugs, black flies, etc.  Message:  these kinds arthropods are known to sting, bite, or “feed” upon mammals! (…and reactions to some of these can certainly be severe, and serious).  How do I know that spiders rarely cause reactions in humans? Two reasons:  experience and  the scientific literature (i.e., evidence or lack thereof).  For example, a few years ago colleagues of mine (Robb Bennett & Rick Vetter) wrote about this in a paper for Canadian physicians:

The title of the paper on spider bites

There are two key pieces of information in this article: first, the medical community must recognize the possibilities of other likely causal factors for symptoms sometimes attributed to spider bites.  Second, to properly verify a spider bite, the spider needs to be collected and properly identified.  This takes me to the next point – the importance of taxonomy.

2) Incorrect identification: Several years ago a woman approached me after a pest-control company sprayed her home – she brought me specimens of the ‘deadly’ spider that they had sprayed for.  It was NOT a dangerous spiders – it was a completely harmless wolf spider (Family Lycosidae) from the genus Trochosa.   She saw a spider, called in the professionals, and these professionals did not accurately identify the spider (they told her it was a brown recluse).  TAXONOMY IS IMPORANT and TAXONOMIC EXPERTISE is essential.  It is critical that a careful identification is done (by an expert!) on any spider that supposedly bites someone.  In my experience, a casual image search on the Internet will not suffice, and will likely confuse the situation, and perhaps cause undue alarm.   [as an aside, this blog post about 'the taxonomy fail index' is worth a look]

3) Spider behaviour: Spiders are “scared” of humans.  Ok, I recognize this is anthropomorphizing things, but the reality is that if you approach a spider, it usually runs away, or completely ignores us.  With the exception of jumping spiders, most spiders have very poor eyesight and respond to other stimuli (e.g., vibrations, light/dark).  Humans make a lot of noise, and cause a spider’s entire habitat to shake, rumble and roll.   Furthermore, spiders prefer to live in damp, dark places, and when we lift up an old shoe box, or sweep under the fridge, we sometimes disrupt a spider but if you wait a minute, they invariably run back to darkness.  Spiders would rather run and hide than hang out with us.

4) Home range: Venomous spiders (i.e., to humans!) just don’t live in Canada.  Of the almost 40,000 spider species, globally, there are less than a dozen or so that can cause serious health problems to the average, healthy human, and these do not occur naturally in Canada (Australia, however, is a different story!). One of the authors of the paper mentioned above (Rick Vetter) has a terrific website devoted to the “myth” of the brown recluse. Also, his list of publications will take you to some key literature on the broader topic of medically important spiders.  Rick has put together a terrific map showing the distribution range of the brown recluse, and I’ve copied it below.  As you can see, Canada is not part of the native range of the brown recluse (or its close relatives):

Range of the brown recluse & its relatives

5) Spider food: Spiders prey upon invertebrates and for the vast majority of spider species their venom is suited for invertebrates.  Their venom can certainly pack a punch, but it is generally not suited for vertebrates (at least certainly not in northern climes, there are spiders elsewhere who do prey upon birds, for example).

6) Biological constraints: For many species, the “fangs” of spiders (which are located at the end of the Chelicerae) are just too weak and small to be able to break the skin.  I have held many spiders and watched as they work away at trying to bite me, but they just can’t pull it off.  Our skin is generally too tough for their little, wimpy fangs.   Here’s a photo to show this (it’s another wolf spider, trying unsuccessfully to bite me):

A male wolf spider (Family Lycosidae) "attacking" me.

To summarize this rather lengthy post: in general, and in this part of the world, venomous spiders are rare, and bites from venomous spider bites are exceedingly rare, and I would argue that most suspected spider bites are not actually caused by spiders.  The risk of a spider bite is very, very low.  If you want to reduce risk, it’s far more dangerous to get in a car than be bitten by a spider.

Writing this post has inspired me to think about other misconceptions about spiders.  Stay tuned…there’s a lot more to come!

Zach on a field trip (somewhere south)

Zach was a terrific graduate student – he worked extremely hard, became an expert on identification of Oribatid mites (not an easy task) and wrote a high quality Master’s thesis.    After McGill, Zach headed west, and landed in Diana Wall’s “Soil Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning Lab” at Colorado State University:

Diana Wall is truly one of the lead scientists, globally, on the functional ecology of soil organisms.  It was a perfect fit for Zach.  In this laboratory, Zach’s Ph.D. is about the following:

His research into the community ecology of nematodes and oribatid mites focuses on drivers of their biodiversity such as soil moisture and the implications this diversity has for ecosystem functioning. Zach works at the Konza Prairie, Shortgrass Steppe, Jornada Basin and McMurdo Dry Valleys Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) sites. At these sites his research investigates how communities of soil animals are structured at varying levels of soil moisture, and how these communities respond to experimental manipulations of precipitation. This research investigates these trends at several scales and will provide insight into what consequences global climate change may have for belowground ecosystems.

taken from: http://rydberg.biology.colostate.edu/sites/walllab/people/zachary-sylvain/ 

Did you read that carefully?

Yes, it said the “McMurdo Dry Valley”.  Here’s a link to the broader project: http://www.mcmlter.org/

Sampling, in Antarctica

And, yes, that is in Antarctica.   Zach was able to travel to that incredible continent just over the past couple of month.  I am insanely jealous.  Although not known as being a biodiversity hotspot, Antarctica is nevertheless truly fascinating and home to a wonderful suite of invertebrates.

Zach was kind enough to let me use a couple of his photographs for this post.  This all looks very exciting and we eagerly await the results of his research!

Zach's tent, Antarctica

Over the past couple of weeks, our laboratory has been lucky to host an intern, Niki.  She is visiting us as part of her program at Vanier College, and is in our laboratory because she is passionate about entomology and arachnology.   Part of Niki’s work was to help me re-organize this spider voucher collection:

McGill's Spider Collection

Each drawer of the collection contains a number of vials, with different species represented in each vial.   Vouchers are specimens that have been identified as part of some project in the past, and before we publish our work, the species that were identified go into individual vials, with a proper label (i.e., containing data about locality, habitat and identity).    This allows experts to verify our identifications (and correct them if necessary!), and vouchers are therefore the ‘hard evidence’ that we did our work, and exemplify the principles of repeatability in our kind of science.

The Biological Survey of Canada published an excellent brief all about voucher specimens, written by Terry Wheeler.   Here’s a nice quote from that document:

“Designation of voucher specimens is a long-established practice in systematic research, through the designation of type specimens of newly described species. The requirement for a one-to-one correspondence between a scientific name and a real organism is undoubtedly responsible for the convention in systematics of depositing authoritatively identified specimens from a study in a research collection, whether the specimens are types or not.”

A spider collection is a little peculiar.  In contrast to most insect collections (in which the insects are stored dry, individually, on pins), spiders are stored long-term in vials, and preserved in ethanol.    This means they require some curation – i.e., now and then someone has to make sure the ethanol hasn’t evaporated, the labels are still in good shape, and the vials are undamaged.    Spider vouchers are also a little different because a single vial may contain several individuals of the same species, and often representatives of both sex.

Individual vials, each containing a different species

The Lyman Entomological Museum’s spider vouchers are reasonably well organized, but over the past few years, specimens from some past projects still had to be incorporated into the collection – this is what Niki helped with.  Niki also helped to electronically database the collection.  This is a very important step, also, since we want to eventually make the data from this collection freely available on-line.  This will mean that others can find out what species are in our collection, and discover what habitats/locations they are from.

If the collection interests you, send me an e-mail and book a visit!

The Canadian Entomologist on Twitter

I have long had mixed feeling about the role of Twitter in science.  There are many arguments both ways – Twitter can be a way to help promote good science, bring neat ideas to a larger audience, and initiate productive and exciting collaboration. It can, however, take the most limiting resource away: time. The Twitter-verse is also full of unusual, non-reviewed, speculative, non-scientific opinions, and often the same stories just gets repeated dozens of times.  All of this is the very stuff that concerns me.   In my professional world of publications, peer-review, and critical scientific analysis, is there a place for Twitter….how can 140 characters do any of this justice?  (I am, obviously, a fan of blogs – these can be a great forum for thoughts, ideas and opinions in a longer-format)

Well, after some lively exchanges with graduate students, friends, colleagues, and the marketing team at Cambridge University Press (TCE’s publisher), I have started tweeting for TCE.  Initially I was worried that coming up with tweets would be a big challenge but as I came up with lists of ideas for future tweets, I realize that there is an unbelievable amount of rich and fascinating content associated with the Journal. For example, exciting papers that are getting published, interesting stories about entomology and entomologists in Canada, links to events and opportunities within the Entomological Society of Canada, and information about past papers within the journal.  And, perhaps most importantly, I think twitter can be a way to promote the discipline to a different audience.

Pique your interest?  You can follow @CanEntomologist

Pseudoscorpion by Weird Bug Lady

Brigette is now doing graduate school at the University of Connecticut in David Wagner’s laboratory.  Although we were sad to see her go, she left us a wonderful gift – our very own laboratory Logo.  You can go to Cafe Press at this link: http://www.cafepress.com/ecologylab and buy your very own t-shirt, mug, mouse pad, etc with our logo in place.  Really, we all MUST own a piece of Arthropod Ecology branding.  Perhaps a tattoo next?  Any takers?

McGill's Arthropod Ecology Laboratory Logo

Dorothy behind some required reading

The comprehensive examination is a process by which PhD candidates defend their research proposal in front of a committee of Professors.  In our Department, this process typically occurs within the first year and a half of a student entering the PhD program.   The format is as follows: the student presents their proposal to the committee, and this is followed by a couple of rounds of questions. The first line of questioning typically focuses on the candidate’s research proposal, and a second round is typically broader in perspective.  Sometimes this can be very broad – from everything from the philosophy of science, to underlying theoretical foundations of a discipline.   Although I try to stress that these exams should be treated as “fun” discussions about science, they remain an intense process for PhD students, and often there is a pretty big sigh of relief when they are over!  I still remember vividly my own comprehensive examination – and that one question that I flubbed still haunts me! (maybe I’ll share my experience in a future blog post)

Are the exams some odd relict of academic institutions and serves no purpose anymore?  Is it an archaic rite of passage that merely reminds PhD candidates that they are still below Professors in the academic hierarchy?  What are the benefits of these exams?

Well – I actually believe the comprehensive examination is an important step in the academic process.  It is very important that PhD students are on a road to success, and the comps helps to ensure this – their examination committee is typically made of experts in their discipline, so they are in the best possible position to judge the quality, scope, novelty and depth of the PhD student’s proposed research.   The exam also helps to ensure there is consistency (e.g., year-to-year, Department-to-Department, Faculty-to-Faculty) in what we call a “PhD” degree.  Some would argue the process can be too variable, but by at least having the exam, with its academic memory, there is a chance of having standards.

I also think the comps help students to think about their work critically, and in the context of their larger field of research.  This exam is often one of the first times we really force students to do this, and these future academics must do this over and over again in their future (e.g., writing papers, grant proposal).   Finally, it is very important that students are able to effectively defend their work.   This process, which also involves a lot of critical self-appraisal, helps to refine a research project and pave the road to success.

PhD student Dorothy Maguire is going to have her comprehensive examinations later this winter.  This means that she is currently editing her proposal, reading a lot of primary literature related to her research area, and I have encouraged her to also spend a little bit of time reading secondary literature – hence the stack of books.

The 45-minute presentation was very well received by an enthusiastic audience of 50+; many thoughtful questions were asked at the end (and again after the meeting had been formally concluded!). Crystal was grateful for the opportunity to work on her lecturing skills with such a receptive group and has been invited to return with an update at a future meeting!

Raphael (left) and Chris (right), working hard.

Raphael studied the effect of distance (i.e., to a forest border) as well as effects of agronomic disturbance (i.e., tilling, planting) on spider assemblages.  He also looked at directional movement of spiders by having ‘drift fences’ around pitfall traps – to see whether spiders are moving from the border into the corn fields, or vice versa.  Raphael collected over 70 species of spiders with this project, and he found a significant effect of “border”, and has strong evidence that spiders are very active in cornfields immediately after snow-melt.  This is something that arachnologists often anecdotally observe, but Raphael’s research provides data to back up the observations.    This work, titled “Colonization dynamics of agroecosystem spider assemblages after snow-melt in Quebec (Canada)” is now accepted in Journal of Arachnology and will likely appear in print sometime in 2012.